Efeitos da 5-iodotubercidina em linhagens de melanoma humano parentais e resistentes ao inibidor de BRAF / Effects of 5-iodotubercidin on human melanoma lines of parental and resistant to the BRAF inhibitor

O melanoma é responsável por menos de 5% dos cânceres de pele, porém, 95% das mortes ocorrem devido a ocorrência de metástases. O melanoma metastático é refratário às terapias convencionais e rapidamente adquire resistência às terapias como as oncogene-dirigidas, como o inibidor de BRAF, da via de MAPK. Estudos prévios de screening in silico do nosso grupo, onde se utilizou as bases de dados TCGA e GEO, identificaram o gene adenosina quinase (ADK) como sendo diferencialmente expresso entre o melanoma invasivo e os nevus. A 5-iodotubercidina (5-ITu) é um potente inibidor farmacológico da ADK que dentre os diversos efeitos relatados na literatura destaca-se pelo potencial genotóxico. Os danos no DNA são os principais ativadores de checkpoint do ciclo celular, que levam a parada do ciclo celular transitória ou permanente, além de induzir morte celular, levando a hipótese de que ADK possa ser potencial agente anti-melanoma. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a expressão do gene ADK em melanomas humanos e quimiorresistentes ao inibidor de BRAF (iBRAF), avaliou os impactos de 5-ITu sobre a proliferação, progressão do ciclo celular e morte celular e por fim avaliamos sua capacidade de aumentar a sensibilidade das células. Foi realizado PCR em tempo real para avaliar os níveis de expressão de mRNA de ADK em linhagens de melanoma e na cultura primária de melanócitos; a fim de avaliar a citotoxicidade de 5-ITu foram realizados os ensaios de exclusão por azul de tripan e de apoptose - Anexina V e PI e em modelo de esferoide, usando live/dead; também foi avaliada a influência de 5-ITu sobre a capacidade clonogênica e seus efeitos sobre a proliferação celular, a partir dos ensaios de ciclo celular e avaliação de marcadores de proliferação por imunofluorescência; as linhagens foram submetidas a diferentes regimes de tratamento com 5-ITu e o iBRAF, a fim de avaliar a curva de crescimento e a sensibilidade ao iBRAF por MTT níveis de expressão de mRNA de ADK maiores nas linhagens tumorais em relação aos melanócitos. 5-ITu mostrou-se capaz de inibir a proliferação (IC50) das linhagens de melanoma em concentrações de 1,9 a 3,5 µM. 5-ITu não foi capaz de induzir inviabilidade celular, apesar de reduzir a quantidade de células viáveis em todas as condições de tratamento, também não foi capaz de induzir aumento significativo de células apoptóticas, nem mesmo necróticas. No entanto, o tratamento com 5-ITu reduziu a capacidade clonogênica de linhagens de melanoma e promoveu parada de ciclo celular nas fases G1 e G2/M, levou ao aumento da população subG1. O tratamento com 5-ITu promoveu a redução da expressão de marcadores de proliferação, como ki67, e a combinação de tratamentos 5-ITu e iBraf foi capaz de aumentar o tempo de dobramento das linhagens de melanoma, embora tenha se mostrado incapaz de sensibilizar as células de melanoma ao tratamento com iBRAF. Desse modo, pode-se concluir que 5-ITu induz o efeito citostático e se mostra um potente agente antiproliferativo para melanoma parental e resistente

Melanoma accounts for less than 5% of skin cancers, but 95% of deaths occur due to metastases. Metastatic melanoma is refractory to conventional therapies and rapidly acquires resistance to therapies such as oncogene-directed, such as the BRAF inhibitor, of the MAPK pathway. Previous studies of screening in silico of our group, using the databases TCGA and GEO, identified the adenosine kinase gene (ADK) as differentially expressed between invasive melanoma and nevus. 5-iodotubercidin (5-ITu) is a potent pharmacological inhibitor of ADK that among the several effects reported in the literature stands out for the genotoxic potential. DNA damage is the main activator of the cell cycle checkpoint, which leads to transient or permanent cell cycle arrest, in addition to inducing cell death, leading to the hypothesis that ADK may be a potential anti-melanoma agent. This work aimed to evaluate the expression of the ADK gene in human melanomas and chemoresistants to the BRAF inhibitor (iBRAF), evaluated the impacts of 5-ITu on proliferation, cell cycle progression and cell death and finally we evaluated its ability to increase the sensitivity of cells. Real-time PCR was performed to assess the levels of ADK mRNA expression in melanoma lines and primary melanocyte culture; in order to evaluate the cytotoxicity of 5-ITu, the trypan blue and apoptosis - Annexin V and PI exclusion and blue spheroid models were performed using live / dead; the influence of 5-ITu on the clonogenic capacity and its effects on cell proliferation, from the cell cycle assays and the evaluation of proliferation markers by immunofluorescence; the cell lines were submitted to different treatment regimens with 5-ITu and iBRAF in order to evaluate the growth curve and the sensitivity to iBRAF by MTT levels of mRNA expression of ADK higher in the tumor lines in relation to the melanocytes. 5-ITu was able to inhibit the proliferation (IC 50) of melanoma lines at concentrations of 1.9 to 3.5 181;M. 5-ITu was not able to induce cell non-viability, although it reduced the amount of viable cells in all treatment conditions, nor was it able to induce a significant increase in apoptotic or even necrotic cells. However, treatment with 5-ITu reduced the clonogenic capacity of melanoma cells and promoted cell cycle arrest in the G1 and G2 / M phases, leading to an increase in the subG1 population. Treatment with 5-ITu promotes the reduction of expression of proliferation markers, such as ki67, and the combination of 5-ITu and iBRAF treatments was able to increase the doubling time of melanoma cells, although it has been shown to be unable to sensitize melanoma cells to treatment with iBRAF. Thus, it can be concluded that 5-ITu induces the cytostatic effect and shows a potent antiproliferative agent for parental and resistant melanoma

Effects of manganese on fat snook Centropomus parallelus (Carangaria: Centropomidae) exposed to different temperatures

This study evaluates the effects of exposure to manganese (Mn2+) for 96 hours at two different temperatures (24 and 27°C) on juveniles of Centropomus parallelus through the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT), micronuclei test (MN) and comet assay. The GST activity did not show any significant difference between the groups exposed to Mn2+ and the respective control groups; in contrast, a major increase in the CAT activity was observed at 27°C in the group exposed to Mn2+ compared to the control group. The genotoxic analyses showed that in all animals exposed to Mn2+, the number of red cells with micronuclei increased significantly compared to the respective control groups. There was also a significant increase in the incidence of DNA damage in the groups exposed to Mn2+. At a temperature of 24ºC, animals exposed to Mn2+ had more DNA damage than those at 27°C. It is likely that the increase in temperature can also induce oxidative stress. Thus, we conclude that manganese is toxic to the fat snook juveniles, causing genotoxic damage, and when associated with an increase in temperature, manganese can also provoke an increase in oxidative stress.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou os efeitos da exposição ao manganês (Mn2+), após 96 horas, a duas temperaturas (24 e 27°C) em juvenis de Centropomus parallelus por meio de análises bioquímicas (atividade das enzimas glutationa S-transferase (GST) e catalase (CAT)) e genotóxicas (teste do micronúcleo e ensaio cometa). A atividade da GST não mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos expostos ao Mn2+ e os seus respectivos grupos controle, enquanto que um aumento significativo na atividade da CAT foi observado a 27°C no grupo exposto ao Mn2+, quando comparado ao grupo controle. As análises genotóxicas mostraram que os animais expostos ao Mn2+ tiveram aumento significativo na quantidade de células com micronúcleo em relação aos seus grupos de controles. Houve também aumento significativo na incidência de danos ao DNA nos grupos expostos a esse contaminante. Na temperatura de 24°C, os animais expostos ao Mn2+ tiveram maior quantidade de danos no DNA em relação a 27°C. É provável que o aumento da temperatura também possa induzir o estresse oxidativo. Assim, concluímos que o manganês é tóxico para os juvenis de robalo, causando dano genotóxico, e quando associado a um aumento da temperatura, também pode provocar um aumento no estresse oxidativo.(AU)

Efeitos toxicogenômicos tardios de terapias antineoplásicas para linfomas / Toxicogenomic late effects of antienoplastic therapies for lymphomas

Os linfomas representam um grupo heterogêneo de tumores que acometem o tecido linfóide nodal e extranodal. O tratamento, baseado na utilização da poliquimioterapia associada ou não à radioterapia, tem proporcionado altas taxas de cura. Entretanto, é sabido que tais terapias podem induzir mutações genéticas que, mais tarde, podem ser responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de neoplasias secundárias. Assim sendo, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos tardios das terapias antineoplásicas para linfomas. Para isso, foram investigados os danos no DNA e a capacidade de reparo da molécula pelo teste do cometa, e a relação entre polimorfismos e expressão de dois genes de reparo do DNA - XRCC1 (codons 280 e 399) e hOGG1 (codon 326) – com os níveis de lesões genotóxicas. A casuística do estudo incluiu 3 grupos de indivíduos: 14 pacientes recém-diagnosticados com linfoma e antes de qualquer tratamento antineoplásístico (grupo pré-terapia); 29 pacientes com história de linfoma e que haviam finalizado o tratamento há no mínimo 2 anos (histopatologicamente negativos para neoplasia; grupo pós-terapia); 29 indivíduos saudáveis pareados por sexo, idade e hábito tabagista (grupo controle). Os resultados mostraram que os pacientes com diagnótico ou história de linfoma (pré e pós-terapia, respectivamente), apresentavam níveis aumentados de danos no DNA quando comparados aos indivíduos saudáveis. Esses dados evidenciam a relação entre a presença da doença e lesões no DNA, e que mesmo com diagnóstico negativo, os indivíduos com história de linfoma apresentam níveis aumentados de genotoxicidade até, em média, sete anos após o término da terapia.

Lymphomas are a heterogenous group of malignancies that arise in nodal sites with or without extranodal involvement. The treatment, based on polychemotherapy associated or not with radiotherapy, has provided high cure rates. However, it is known that such therapies can induce genetic mutations that could be related to development of second malignancies. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the late effects of antienoplastic therapies for lymphomas. DNA damage and repair capability as depicted by the comet assay, and the relationship between DNA repair genes polymorphisms (XRCC1 codons 280 and 399, hOGG1 codon 326) or gene expressions and the levels of DNA lesions were investigated. Three groups were included in this study: pre-therapy, with 14 patients newly diagnosed with lymphoma and before any antienoplastic; post-therapy, with 29 patients with history of lymphoma and who had finished treatment at least three years before blood collection (histopathologically negative for neoplasia); control, with 29 healthy subjects matched for age, sex and smoking habit. The results showed that patients from pre- and post-therapy groups presented higher amount of DNA damage than the healthy subjects. These data first indicated that individuals with lymphoma have high frequency of primary DNA lesion in lymphocytes, then, that even with negative histopathological diagnostic, patients with history of lymphoma presented increased DNA damage until the average of 7 years after the end of therapy. The reduced DNA repair capability and the low XRCC1 and hOGG1 expression observed in the post-therapy group could explain such findings. Furthermore, higher DNA repair capability was observed in those subjects with XRCC399arg/arg, XRCC1280arg/his and hOGG1326ser/ser genotypes.

Efeito da suplementação de ß-caroteno sintético no DNA e no metabolismo de células hepáticas de ratos recebendo etanol / Effect of synthetic ß-carotene supplementattion in the DNA and metabolism of hepatic cells of rats receiving ethanol

A suplementação de ß-caroteno em fumantes e alcoólatras pode promover efeitos indesejáveis, manifestando a característica pró-oxidante deste carotenóide. Sabendo que o fígado é principal órgão de armazenamento de vitamina A e ß-caroteno, e local de oxidação do etanol, o presente estudo buscou investigar no fígado de ratos, a influência da suplementação de ß-caroteno isolado ou associado ao etanol, sobre o metabolismo celular, danos no DNA, proliferação celular e função da proteína p53. Os ratos receberam dietas líquidas contendo ß-caroteno (24mg/L dieta) com (GAB) ou sem (GBC) a adição de etanol (36 porcento da calorias totais da dieta) e dieta líquida normal (isenta de ß-caroteno e etanol) (GDN), durante seis semanas de período experimental...

ß-carotene, when supplemented in smokers and alcohol drinkers may act as prooxidant, resulting in undesirable effects. The liver is the ß-carotene and vitamin A main storage organ and where ethanol oxidation takes place. This study investigated in rats' liver, the influence of ß-carotene supplementation either alone or associated with ethanol in cellular metabolism, DNA damage, cellular proliferation and p53 protein function. Three groups of 12 rats received liquid diets containing ß-carotene (24mg/L diet) with (BAG) or without (CBG) ethanol (36% of total energy intake). Control animals received liquid diet free of ethanol and ß-carotene (NDG). After 6 weeks the animals were sacrificed for hepatic and plasma concentrations of ß-carotene, retinol, palmitate retinyl, steatosis, GSH and TBARS, DNA damage, PCNA and p53 expression were evaluated in the liver. Differences were significant for hepatic (BAG: 2.49 ± 0.25; CBG: 4.22 ± 0.24; NDG: 2.83 ± 0.21 mg/g) and plasmatic (BAG: 1.42 ± 0.12; CBG: 0.69 ± 0.06; NDG: 2,37 ± 0,28mmol/L) retinol and hepatic palmitate retinyl (BAG: 40.87 ± 3.98; CBG: 83.72 ± 6.00; NDG: 46.33 ± 3.60), steatosis (BAG: 2.30 ± 0.21; CBG: 1.00 ± 0.00; NDG: 1.00 ± 0.00), DNA damage (BAG: 285.90 ± 15.20; CBG: 273.83 ± 13.39; NDG: 138.00 ±4.04 DNA damages/100 hepatocytes) and PCNA expression (BAG: 7.12 ± 1.46; CBG: 1.47 ± 0.27; NDG: 2.04 ± 0.31) among the groups (p<0.05). Hepatic and plasmatic concentrations of ßcarotene, TBARS and GSH were not statistically different. p53 staining was not detected in any group. This suggests that ß-carotene alone or with ethanol association does not influence lipid peroxidation and p53 expression. ß-carotene+ethanol caused metabolic alteration, steatosis, DNA damage and cellular proliferation in hepatocytes. Furthermore, supplementation with ß-carotene alone had genotoxic effects in the liver.

Efeitos dos triterpenóides ácidos oleanólico e ursólico em ratos F344 submetidos ao modelo de hepatocarcinogênese do ®hepatócito resistente¼ / Effects of the triterpenoids oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in rat F344 submitted to the resistant hepatocyte model of hepatocarcinogenesis

Avaliou-se os efeitos dos ácidos oleanólico (AO) e ursólico (AU), triterpenóides presentes em alimentos vegetais e especiarias, quando administrados a ratos F344 durante as etapas de iniciação e seleção/promoção do modelo de hepatocarcinogênese do ®hepatócito resistente¼ (RH). Os ratos receberam durante 8 semanas, por entubação gástrica e dissolvido em óleo de milho (OM): AO ou AU (8 mg/100 g de peso corpóreo [p.c]). Os grupos controle receberam apenas OM (0,25 mL/100 g de p.c; grupo OM), ou água (0,25 mL/100 g de p.c; grupo Água). O grupo Normal não recebeu qualquer tratamento. O agente iniciante foi uma dose de dietilnitrosamina (DEN, 20 mg/100 g de p.c.). Após 2 semanas de entubação, aplicou-se 3 doses diárias consecutivas de 2-acetilaminofluoreno (2-AAF)(2 mg/100 g de p.c.) e fez-se uma hepatectomia parcial a 70 por cento, acrescida de 1 dose de 2-AAF (0,5 mg/100 g de p.c.) 4 dias após a cirurgia...

It was evaluated the effects of the oleanólico acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA), triterpenoids present in vegetable foods and spices, when administered to rat F344 during the initiation and selection/promotion stages of the resistant hepatocyte model of hepatocarcinogenesis RH. The rat received for 8 weeks, by gavage and dissolved in com oil (CO): OA or UA (8 mg/100 g of body weight [b.w.]). The control groups just received CO (0,25 mL/100 g b.w.; CO group), or water (0,25 mL/100 g b.w.; group Water). Normal group did not receive any treatment type. The initiation agent was dietilnitrosamine (DEN, 20 mg/100 g b.w.). 2 weeks after gavage, it was applied 3 consecutive doses of 2-acetilaminofluoreno (2-AAF) (2 mg/100 g of b.w.) and it was made a 70% partial hepatectomy, added of 1 dose of 2-AAF (0,5 mg/100 9 b.w.) 4 days after the surgery. In 6 weeks after the initiation, the animals were sacrificed. Results: the macroscopic analysis demonstrated that OA did not alter and UA tended to increase the number of hepatocytes nodules, compared to the CO group. The morphometric analysis of the pre-neoplastic lesions (PNL) positive for glutatione S-transferase placentary form (GST-p), demonstrated that OA and UA did not alter the medium number of persistent LPN, however they reduced the medium number of remodeling LPN, compared to the OM group (p <0,05). OA and UA did not alter the medium area of persistent LPN, but they reduced the medium area of remodeling LPN, compared to the CO group (p <0,05). The triterpenoids did not alter the occupied area of the section for persistent LPN, but they reduced the occupied area cut for remodeling LPN, compared to the CO group (p <0,05). The Water, OM and AU groups showed increase in the plasmatic concentration of cholesterol, compared to the Normal group. OA promoted increase of the expression of the gene that codifies for the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme, compared to the Normal group (p <0,05), and AU promoted increase expression when compared to the Normal, Water, OM and AU groups (p <0,05). OA and UA did not alter the indexes of cellular proliferation (imunoistochemistry for bromodeoxiuridine [BrdU)) in persistent LPN. AU promoted increase (p <0,05) in the cellular proliferation in remodeling LPN when compared to the CO group. OA and UA did not alter the apoptosis in persistent LPN, but they increased the medium number of apoptotics bodies in remodeling LPN (p <0,05). The Adjusted Index Growth (cellular apoptosis/proliferation) of the groups demonstrated that, in persistent LPN, the cellular proliferation has predominance on the apoptosis. In remodeling LPN, the apoptosis has preponderance over the cellular proliferation. The damages in hepatic DNA (method of the "comet") were larger in the group OA (p <0,05) and AU (p <0,061), compared to the CO group. The analysis for imunoblot revealed that the RH model increased the expression and the activation of the NF-κB transcription factor (p <0,05). OA and UA increased the expression and the activation of NF-κB, compared to the CO group (p> 0,05). It was...